Hypertension

      Kidney function tests Urinalysis A urinalysis screens for the presence of protein and blood in the urine. There are many possible reasons for protein in your urine, not all of which are related to disease. Infection increases urine protein, but so does a heavy physical workout. Your doctor may want to repeat this test after a few weeks to see if the results are similar. Your doctor may also ask you to provide a 24-hour urine collection sample. This can help doctors see how fast a waste product called creatinine is clearing from your body. Creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle tissue. Normal Urine Characteristics  Characteristic Normal values Color Pale yellow to deep amber Odor Odorless Volume 750–2000 mL/24 hour pH 4.5–8.0 Specific gravity 1.003–1.032 Osmolarity 40–1350 mOsmol/kg Urobilinogen 0.2–1.0 mg/100 mL White blood cells 0–2 HPF (per high-power field of microscope) Leukocyte esterase None Protein None or trace Bi...

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are important pituitary hormones, required for reproductive processes in both males and females. LH and FSH are released by the anterior pituitary in response to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation by the hypothalamus, and the negative feedback of oestrogen or testosterone. In females, the combined action of FSH and LH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and steroidogenesis, with the production of androgens, which are then converted to oestrogens by the action of the enzyme aromatase. A mid-cycle surge in LH also triggers ovulation. FSH levels usually increase during menopause, because the ovaries become less responsive to FSH, which causes the pituitary gland to increase FSH production. However, fluctuating ovarian activity, especially early in perimenopause, means that FSH and oestradiol levels are not reliable predictors of ...

Text books a. A text book Inorganic medicinal chemistry by Surendra N. Pandeya b. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stanlake’s Practical Pharmaceutical chemistry Vol-I & Vol-II c. Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry III-Edition P.Gundu Rao Topics 1 Errors 2 Volumetric analysis 3 Acid-base titrations 4 Redox titrations 5 Non aqueous titrations 6 Precipitation titrations 7 Complexometric titrations 8 Theory of indicators 9 Gravimetry 10 Limit tests 11 Medicinal gases 12 Acidifiers 13 Antacids 14 Cathartics 15 Electrolyte replenishers 16 Essential Trace elements 17 Antimicrobials 18 Pharmaceutical aids 19 Dental Products 20 Miscellaneous compounds 21 Radio Pharmaceuticals PRACTICAL 1. Limit test (6 exercises)   a. Limit test for chlorides  b. Limit test for sulphates  c. Limit test for iron  d. Limit test for heavy metals  e. Limit test for arsenic  f. Modified limit tests for chlorides and sulphates 2. Assays (10 exercis...

Text books  a. T.R.Morrison and R. Boyd - Organic chemistry,  b. Bentley and Driver-Text book of Pharmaceutical chemistry  c. I.L.Finer- Organic chemistry, the fundamentals of chemistry Topics   1. Structures and Physical properties:     a . Polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, M.P, Inter molecular forces, B.P, Solubility, non ionic solutes and ionic solutes, protic and aprotic Solvents, ion pairs,    b . Acids and bases, Lowry bronsted and Lewis theories    c. Isomerism  2. Nomenclature of organic compound belonging to the following classes Alkanes, Alkenes, Dienes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides, Amines, Phenols, Alkyl Halides, Carboxylic Acid, Esters, Acid Chlorides And Cycloalkanes.  3. Free radicals chain reactions of alkane : Mechanism, relative reactivity and stability  4. Alicyclic compounds: Preparations of cyclo alkanes, Bayer strain theory and orbital    ...

Text books    a . Tortora Gerard J. and Nicholas, P. Principles of anatomy and physiology Publisher Harpercollins college New York.  b. Wilson, K.J.W. Ross and Wilson’s foundations of anatomy and physiology. Publisher: Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg.  Topics 1. Scope of anatomy and physiology, basic terminologies used in this subject      (Description of the body as such planes and terminologies)  2. Structure of cell – its components and their functions.  3. Elementary tissues of the human body:    epithelial, connective,  Muscular and nervous tissues-their sub-types and characteristics   4. a) Osseous system - structure, composition and functions of the Skeleton. (done in                                                  practical classes - 6hrs)      ...